Filters for cameras, are all the filters a standard screw fit?

They are standard screw in filters, and they will fit

all the brands, but you need to make sure you're getting them in the size to fit your lens. Check the size on the back of your lens cap.

Filters have always been standardized to the regular diameters. e.g. 52mm, 55mm, 58mm, etc.

The screw fit and bayonet fit you were referring to are the lens mount. Which still are not standardized, Canon in particular use the EF and EF-S systems, whilst Nikon and many others use the F-mount, and Sony uses the Minolta system.

You buy filters based on the filter diameter the lens uses.

A 20mm lens may take a 62mm diameter filter.

A 50mm lens may take a 52mm diameter filter.

A 105mm lens may take a 72mm diameter filter.

The standardization is that all lenses that use the same filter diameter can use any filter from any manufacturer as long as its the right diameter.

Choose your filters from Heliopan, B+W, Tiffen, Singh-Ray, Hoya. Do not waste your money and risk your pictures buying cheap, no-name filters.

I cannot find your camera or a 58mm Canon lens. You may need to contact Canon and see if they make an adapter to allow you to use filters.

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Agreed, seems like you are referring to lens mountings!